归并排序

归并排序（Merge sort）是建立在归并操作上的一种有效的排序算法。该算法是采用分治法（Divide and Conquer）的一个非常典型的应用。

作为一种典型的分而治之思想的算法应用，归并排序的实现由两种方法： - 自上而下的递归（所有递归的方法都可以用迭代重写，所以就有了第 2 种方法）； - 自下而上的迭代；

和选择排序一样，归并排序的性能不受输入数据的影响，但表现比选择排序好的多，因为始终都是 O(nlogn) 的时间复杂度。代价是需要额外的内存空间。

2. 算法步骤

1. 申请空间，使其大小为两个已经排序序列之和，该空间用来存放合并后的序列；

2. 设定两个指针，最初位置分别为两个已经排序序列的起始位置；

3. 比较两个指针所指向的元素，选择相对小的元素放入到合并空间，并移动指针到下一位置；

4. 重复步骤 3 直到某一指针达到序列尾；

5. 将另一序列剩下的所有元素直接复制到合并序列尾。

3. 动图演示

4. JavaScript 代码实现

function mergeSort(arr) {  // 采用自上而下的递归方法
    var len = arr.length;
    if(len < 2) {
        return arr;
    }
    var middle = Math.floor(len / 2),
        left = arr.slice(0, middle),
        right = arr.slice(middle);
    return merge(mergeSort(left), mergeSort(right));
}

function merge(left, right)
{
    var result = [];

    while (left.length && right.length) {
        if (left[0] <= right[0]) {
            result.push(left.shift());
        } else {
            result.push(right.shift());
        }
    }

    while (left.length)
        result.push(left.shift());

    while (right.length)
        result.push(right.shift());

    return result;
}

5. Python 代码实现

def mergeSort(arr):
    import math
    if(len(arr)<2):
        return arr
    middle = math.floor(len(arr)/2)
    left, right = arr[0:middle], arr[middle:]
    return merge(mergeSort(left), mergeSort(right))

def merge(left,right):
    result = []
    while left and right:
        if left[0] <= right[0]:
            result.append(left.pop(0));
        else:
            result.append(right.pop(0));
    while left:
        result.append(left.pop(0));
    while right:
        result.append(right.pop(0));
    return result

6. Go 代码实现

func mergeSort(arr []int) []int {
	length := len(arr)
	if length < 2 {
		return arr
	}
	middle := length / 2
	left := arr[0:middle]
	right := arr[middle:]
	return merge(mergeSort(left), mergeSort(right))
}

func merge(left []int, right []int) []int {
	var result []int
	for len(left) != 0 && len(right) != 0 {
		if left[0] <= right[0] {
			result = append(result, left[0])
			left = left[1:]
		} else {
			result = append(result, right[0])
			right = right[1:]
		}
	}

	for len(left) != 0 {
		result = append(result, left[0])
		left = left[1:]
	}

	for len(right) != 0 {
		result = append(result, right[0])
		right = right[1:]
	}

	return result
}

7. Java 代码实现

public class MergeSort implements IArraySort {

    @Override
    public int[] sort(int[] sourceArray) throws Exception {
        // 对 arr 进行拷贝，不改变参数内容
        int[] arr = Arrays.copyOf(sourceArray, sourceArray.length);

        if (arr.length < 2) {
            return arr;
        }
        int middle = (int) Math.floor(arr.length / 2);

        int[] left = Arrays.copyOfRange(arr, 0, middle);
        int[] right = Arrays.copyOfRange(arr, middle, arr.length);

        return merge(sort(left), sort(right));
    }

    protected int[] merge(int[] left, int[] right) {
        int[] result = new int[left.length + right.length];
        int i = 0;
        while (left.length > 0 && right.length > 0) {
            if (left[0] <= right[0]) {
                result[i++] = left[0];
                left = Arrays.copyOfRange(left, 1, left.length);
            } else {
                result[i++] = right[0];
                right = Arrays.copyOfRange(right, 1, right.length);
            }
        }

        while (left.length > 0) {
            result[i++] = left[0];
            left = Arrays.copyOfRange(left, 1, left.length);
        }

        while (right.length > 0) {
            result[i++] = right[0];
            right = Arrays.copyOfRange(right, 1, right.length);
        }

        return result;
    }

}

8. PHP 代码实现

function mergeSort($arr)
{
    $len = count($arr);
    if ($len < 2) {
        return $arr;
    }
    $middle = floor($len / 2);
    $left = array_slice($arr, 0, $middle);
    $right = array_slice($arr, $middle);
    return merge(mergeSort($left), mergeSort($right));
}

function merge($left, $right)
{
    $result = [];

    while (count($left) > 0 && count($right) > 0) {
        if ($left[0] <= $right[0]) {
            $result[] = array_shift($left);
        } else {
            $result[] = array_shift($right);
        }
    }

    while (count($left))
        $result[] = array_shift($left);

    while (count($right))
        $result[] = array_shift($right);

    return $result;
}

9. C++ 代码实现

void merge(vector<int>& arr, int l, int mid, int r) {
    int index = 0;
    int ptrL = l;
    int ptrR = mid;
    static vector<int>tempary;
    if (arr.size() > tempary.size()) {
        tempary.resize(arr.size());
    }
    while (ptrL != mid && ptrR != r) {
        if (arr[ptrL] < arr[ptrR]) {
            tempary[index++] = arr[ptrL++];
        } else {
            tempary[index++] = arr[ptrR++];
        }
    }
    while (ptrL != mid) {
        tempary[index++] = arr[ptrL++];
    }
    while (ptrR != r) {
        tempary[index++] = arr[ptrR++];
    }
    copy(tempary.begin(), tempary.begin() + index, arr.begin() + l);
}
void mergeSort(vector<int>& arr, int l, int r) { // sort the range [l, r) in arr
    if (r - l <= 1) {
        return;
    }
    int mid = (l + r) / 2;
    mergeSort(arr, l, mid);
    mergeSort(arr, mid, r);
    merge(arr, l, mid, r);
}